fundamentals of software performance

Today a reader posted a question I like at our Method R website. It's about the story I tell in the article called, "Can you explain Method R so even my boss could understand it?" The story is about sending your son on a shopping trip, and it takes him too long to complete the errand. The point is that an excellent way to fix any kind of performance problem is to profile the response time for the properly chosen task, which is the basis for Method R (both the method and the company).

Here is the profile that details where the boy's time went during his errand:

                    --Duration---
Subtask             minutes     %  Executions
------------------  -------  ----  ----------
Talk with friends        37   62%           3
Choose item              10   17%           5
Walk to/from store        8   13%           2
Pay cashier               5    8%           1
------------------  -------  ----  ----------
Total                    60  100%

I went on to describe that the big leverage in this profile is the elimination of the subtask called "Talk with friends," which will reduce response time by 62%.

The interesting question that a reader posted is this:

Not sure this is always the right approach. For example, lets imagine the son has to pick 50 items
Talk 3 times 37 minutes
Choose item 50 times 45 minutes
Walk 2 times 8 minutes
Pay 1 time 5 minutes
Working on "choose item" is maybe not the right thing to do...

Let's explore it. Here's what the profile would look like if this were to happen:

          --Duration---
Subtask   minutes     %  Executions
-------   -------  ----  ----------
Choose         45   47%          50
Talk           37   39%           3
Walk            8    8%           2
Pay             5    5%           1
-------   -------  ----  ----------
Total          95  100%

The point of the inquiry is this:

The right answer in this case, too, is to begin with eliminating Talk from the profile. That's because, even though it's not ranked at the very top of the profile, Talk is completely unnecessary to the real goal (grocery shopping). It's a time-waster that simply shouldn't be in the profile. At all. But with Cary's method of addressing the profile from the top downward, you would instead focus on the "Choose" line, which is the wrong thing.

In chapters 1 through 4 of our book about Method R for Oracle, I explained the method much more thoroughly than I did in the very brief article. In my brevity, I skipped past an important point. Here's a summary of the Method R steps for diagnosing and resolving performance problems using a profile:

1. (Diagnosis phase) For each subtask (row in the profile), visiting subtasks in order of descending duration...
1. Can you eliminate any executions without sacrificing required function?
2. Can you improve (reduce) individual execution latency?
2. (Resolution phase) Choose the candidate solution with the best net value (that is, the greatest value of benefit minus cost).

Here's a narrative of executing the steps of the diagnostic phase, one at a time, upon the new profile, which—again—is this:

          --Duration---
Subtask   minutes     %  Executions
-------   -------  ----  ----------
Choose         45   47%          50
Talk           37   39%           3
Walk            8    8%           2
Pay             5    5%           1
-------   -------  ----  ----------
Total          95  100%

1. Execution elimination for the Choose subtask: If you really need all 50 items, then no, you can't eliminate any Choose executions.
2. Latency optimization for the Choose subtask: Perhaps you could optimize the mean latency (which is .9 minutes per item). My wife does this. For example, she knows better where the items in the store are, so she spends less time searching for them. (I, on the other hand, can get lost in my own shower.) If, for example, you could reduce mean latency to, say, .8 minutes per item by giving your boy a map, then you could save (.9 – .8) × 50 = 5 minutes (5%). (Note that we don't execute the solution yet; we're just diagnosing right now.)
3. Execution elimination for the Talk subtask: Hmm, seems to me like if your true goal is fast grocery shopping, then you don't need your boy executing any of these 3 Talk events. Proposed time savings: 37 minutes (39%).
4. Latency optimization for the Talk subtask: Since you can eliminate all Talk calls, no need to bother thinking about latency reduction. ...Unless you're prey to some external constraint (like social advancement, say, in attempt to maximize your probability of having rich and beautiful grandchildren someday), in which case you should think about latency reduction instead of execution elimination.
5. Execution elimination for the Walk subtask: Well, the boy has to get there, and he has to get back, so this "executions=2" figure looks optimal. (Those Oracle applications we often see that process one row per network I/O call would have 50 Walk executions, one for each Choose call.)
6. Latency optimization for the Walk subtask: Walking takes 4 minutes each way. Driving might take less time, but then again, it might actually take even more. Will driving introduce new dependent subtasks? Warm Up? Park? De-ice? Even driving doesn't eliminate all the walking... Plus, there's not a lot of leverage in optimizing Walk, because it accounts for only 8% of total response time to begin with, so it's not worth a whole lot of bother trying to shave it down by some marginal proportion, especially since inserting a car into your life (or letting your boy drive yours) is no trivial matter.
7. Execution elimination for the Pay subtask: The execution count on Pay is already optimized down to the legally required minimum. No real opportunity for improvement here without some kind of radical architecture change.
8. Latency optimization for the Pay subtask: It takes 5 minutes to Pay? That seems a bit much. So you should look at the payment process. Or should you? Even if you totally eliminate Pay from the profile, it's only going to save 5% of your time. But, if every minute counts, then yes, you look at it. ...Especially if there might be an easy way to improve it. If the benefit comes at practically no cost, then you'll take it, even if the benefit is only small. So, imagine that you find out that the reason Pay was so slow is that it was executed by writing a check, which required waiting for store manager approval. Using cash or a credit/debit card might improve response time by, say, 4 minutes (4%).

Now you're done assessing the effects of (1) execution elimination and (2) latency reduction for each line in the profile. That ends the diagnostic phase of the method. The next step is the resolution phase: to determine which of these candidate solutions is the best. Given the analysis I've walked you through, I'd rank the candidate solutions in this order:

1. Eliminate all 3 executions of Talk. That'll save 37 minutes (39%), and it's easy to implement; you don't have to buy a car, apply for a credit card, train the boy how to shop faster, or change the architecture of how shopping works. You can simply discard the "requirement" to chat, or you can specify that it be performed only during non-errand time windows.
2. Optimize Pay latency by using cash or a card, if it's easy enough to give your boy access to cash or a card. That will save 4 minutes, which—by the way—will be a more important proportion of the total errand time after you eliminate all the Talk executions.
3. Finally, consider optimizing Choose latency. Maybe giving your son a map of the store will help. Maybe you should print your grocery list more neatly so he can read it without having to ask for help. Maybe by simply sending him to the store more often, he'll get faster as his familiarity with the place improves.

That's it.

So the point I want to highlight is this:

I'm not saying you should stick to the top line of your profile until you've absolutely conquered it.

It is important to pass completely through your profile to construct your set of candidate solutions. Then, on a separate pass, you evaluate those candidate solutions to determine which ones you want to implement, and in what order. That first full pass is key. You have to do it for Method R to be reliable for solving any performance problem.

I just posted "Fundamentals of Software Performance Quick Reference Card" at the Method R company website:

This two-page quick reference card written by Cary Millsap sums up computer software performance the Method R way. The first page lists definitions of the terms you need to know: efficiency, knee, load, response time, and so on. The second page lists ten principles that are vital to your ability to think clearly about software performance. This document contains meaningful insight in a format that's compact enough to hang on your wall.

It's free, and there's no sign-up required. I hope you will enjoy it.